Explore Valves and disease
Valve and disease explorer
Each condition is a reproducible parameter set: read what to look for, change the mechanism yourself, compare it with a related condition and test your understanding. The sources page states what is and is not reviewed.
Valve lesions
- Aortic stenosisA fixed obstruction to LV ejection.Moderate (1.2 cm²) · Severe (0.7 cm²)
- Aortic regurgitationDiastolic leak from the aorta into the LV.Acute (non-adapted LV) · Chronic (dilated LV)
- Mitral stenosisObstruction to LV filling.Severe (1.0 cm²)
- Mitral regurgitationSystolic leak into the LA.Acute (normal LA) · Chronic (compliant LA, dilated LV)
- Tricuspid regurgitation and stenosisRight-sided valve lesions change the RA waveform: regurgitation ventricularises it (large v wave) and reduces forward pulmonary delivery; stenosis produces a diastolic RA–RV gradient with a large a wave..Severe TR (dilated RV) · Tricuspid stenosis
Cardiomyopathy and pericardium
- Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathyA hypercontractile, small LV whose outflow tract narrows as the cavity empties (systolic anterior motion).HOCM at rest
- Tamponade, constriction and restrictionThree ways to raise and equalise filling pressures with different respiratory behaviour: tamponade (fluid compresses all chambers, pulsus paradoxus), constriction (a rigid shell shields the heart from pleural pressure), restriction (stiff myocardium, normal pericardium)..Tamponade · Constriction · Restriction
- Dilated and hypertrophic failure phenotypesPressure overload remodels concentrically (thick, stiff, small cavity); volume overload remodels eccentrically (large, compliant cavity).Dilated low output · Non-dilated low output · Concentric (stiff) · Impaired relaxation
Pulmonary hypertension
Not supported: pulmonary valve disease, combined lesions as quantitative experiments, and remodelling as a time course.